In advanced mathematics, quasi-isometry can be used as a criterion to state that two shapes are approximately the same. Procrustes analysis is used in many sciences to determine whether or not two objects have the same shape, or to measure the difference between two shapes. For instance, a hollow sphere may be considered to have the same shape as a solid sphere. Sometimes, only the outline or external boundary of the object is considered to determine its shape. For instance, the letters " b" and " d" are a reflection of each other, and hence they are congruent and similar, but in some contexts they are not regarded as having the same shape. Sometimes, two similar or congruent objects may be regarded as having a different shape if a reflection is required to transform one into the other.
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